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SEA: Space Exploration &amp; Astronomy

I make chilled-out "info-tainment" videos on all-things space related, from the moment of the Big Bang to the end of the universe itself- and everything in between. No AI, written, recorded and produced by a real human. New episodes every Sunday!

In 2012, the world’s most advanced science experiment uncovered the signature of the Higgs Boson, the so-called “God Particle” which gives particles their masses. The Higgs was the last of the Standard Model's particles to be verified experimentally. But far from closing the case, it instead opened a new frontier in physics that today embodies everything we still don’t know about nature’s smallest scales. And so in this video, we will wind back the clock more than half a century, to unravel the history and mysteries of the elusive Higgs Boson.SOUNDTRACK:- “Adega” - CO.AG Music (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V2faIhMd5GY)- “Cold Constellations” - Enzo Orefice - “No Eyes in the Fog” - Enzo Orefice - “Creepy Dolls” - Efliz - “Vanished Minds” - CO.AG Music (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YPQM8Twz5ec)- “Orbiting Dreams” - Enzo Orefice - “Sunrise” - Enzo Orefice - “Parallel Dimensions” - Enzo Orefice - “Hidden Presence” - Enzo Orefice- “I Vanish When the Sun Awakens” - CO.AG Music (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T5fLFlAI0Fw)Artists: - Enzo Orefice: https://www.music-bay.net/artists/enzo-orefice/- CO.AG Music: https://www.youtube.com/@co.agmusic/videosCHAPTERS:00:00: The Standard Model 01:58: The Higgs Field 04:53: The Weak Force Problem 08:12: Early Particle Colliders 12:14: The Large Hadron Collider14:04: Detecting the Higgs Particle 18:31: Sigma Significance 20:23: Discovery in 201223:26: Naturalness vs. Fine Tuning27:01: Supersymmetry29:54: Future Colliders 32:05: Vacuum Decay

The God Particle

Why does the universe choose life over silence? Why has its once inanimate matter and energy come alive on planet Earth? Is it chance? Fate? Or even, by design? It is this profound question that has plagued our conscious minds since the time of our earliest ancestors, and it is going to be the topic of our video today. This video is my oldest idea, and I was planning for it as early as 2021. A massive thank you to the artist Semiquaver for composing the soundtrack that brought this vision to life. SOUNDTRACK:The soundtrack for this video was crafted by Semiquaver, an ambient music and soundscape artist who I'd been following for a while, and knew he was perfect for the job. His channel can be found here:  @semiquaver16th  , where he regularly releases new soundscapes and compositions. The full, 37 minute track will be available to listen to here: https://youtu.be/WQQhwggE6BoCHAPTERS:0:00: What Does It Mean? 1:55: Cosmic Fine-Tuning7:22: The Universe is Infinite10:45: Parallel Universes 14:47: Design Hypothesis 18:56: Cosmic Consciousness 22:02: Boltzmann Brain 25:03: We Are Alone28:30: Theory of Everything

What Does it All Mean?

Can we ever turn back the clock? On Earth, Time is rigid and immovable, but in space, it's practically the opposite. Out in the cosmos, time is another dimension alongside the three of space- but unlike in 3D space, there is only one way we seem to be able to move through time. The cause of this directionality, and so-called "Arrow of Time" through the cosmos, makes up the topic of our video today- the second part in a double header on the mysterious workings of Time.SOUNDTRACK: The first and last tracks in this video were composed by Semiquaver, an ambient soundscape music artist. He and I will be working on an original piece specially for the soundtrack to my final video of the year, so go and check him out before then: @semiquaver16th  The other tracks were composed by CO.AG Music, my go-to-guy for such high quality pieces:  @co.agmusic  "Why Me?" - Semiquaver: https://youtu.be/kfp-Qm99BTY?si=ZOUiOTxLgpkHgWhd"Space is as Clear as Dreaming" - CO.AG Music: https://youtu.be/FQ42GG9ReC4?si=ceWagFlaEY3qOiuH"You Can Escape Everything in This Life Except Yourself" - CO.AG Music: https://youtu.be/O58i-jHGYVs?si=mSBKH-WITwGaLV1z"Old Tape Haunting Soundscape" - CO.AG Music: https://youtu.be/LT_APDKFEjU?si=M7h8OTIyC5QtV0Px"I Will Awaken When the Sun Sleeps" - CO.AG Music: https://youtu.be/IshEmQXBi7g?si=mzCVDnGXV28K0TzpCHAPTERS00:00: Welcome Back...01:56: The Fourth Dimension 06:28: Time Dilation11:15: Forward Time Travel 12:42: General Relativity15:00 Backwards Time Travel 18:38: The Second Law21:49: Reverse Entropy23:48: Out of Time

How Time Works in Space

Tick. Tock. It's a sound you probably hear several times a day. Time dominates virtually every aspect of our lives, attuned to the rigid, unflinching regularity of Hours, Minutes and Seconds. The question how did our ancient ancestors figure out these units? Who came up with the concepts of timekeeping, like Minutes and Seconds, and why are there 60 of them, and not say, 100? The answers to such questions make up the topic of our video today- the first in a two-part series on the mysterious workings of Time. Tick. Tock. It's a sound you probably hear several times a day. Time dominates virtually every aspect of our lives, attuned to the rigid, unflinching regularity of Hours, Minutes and Seconds. The question how did our ancient ancestors figure out these units? Who came up with the concepts of timekeeping, like Minutes and Seconds, and why are there 60 of them, and not say, 100? The answers to such questions make up the topic of our video today- the first in a two-part series on the mysterious workings of Time. This one was both a challenge and a privilege to work on, Part 2 will be released towards the end of the month and will be... different. Join my Discord Server: https://discord.com/invite/seaMerchandise: https://the-sea-store.creator-spring.comContent Disclaimer:All the content in this video was researched, written up, narrated and then put together by me (Sam). I do this as a full time job because I enjoy it. I do not use AI for any part of my creative process, and my voice is my personal property and not authorised to be replicated anywhere else. You can support the channel on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/sea_mediaPatrons get early access to new videos and sneak peeks, as well as ad-free access to existing episodes!SOUNDTRACK (In order of appearance):“Hologram” - CO.AG Music (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uPFkyyslcb4)“Lost in the Motions of Time” - The Turquoise Moon“Do Not Enter: Horror Background” - The Turquoise Moon “Eyes of Quartz & Obsidian” - CO.AG Music (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MNULQQZJIMs)“Calm Gratitude” - The Turquoise Moon“Deep Meditation” - The Turquoise Moon“Summer Evening Soundbath” - The Turquoise Moon“An Ambient Dream” - The Turquoise MoonCO.AG Music: https://www.youtube.com/@co.agmusicCHAPTERS:00:00: Tick Tock 02:58: Ancient Timekeeping05:15: Timekeeping in Ancient Egypt10:03: Maths in Mesopotamia15:22: Pars Minuta17:08: Mechanical Clocks20:39: Railway Time 22:41: Greenwich Meantime23:51: Quartz Clocks26:18: Atomic Clocks

The History of Time

Aliens. They already roam this planet, but not on its surface or in the skies. Rather, they lie at the crushing depths of the vast, sprawling oceans. And so in this episode, we'll be swapping the familiar frontier of space for that of the deep ocean, as we plunge into the abyss in search of Leviathans- massive, monstrous marine specimens that have stalked the high seas for almost half a billion years. SOUNDTRACK: Many of the tracks in this video were composed by CO.AG Music, my go-to-guy for such high quality pieces "Someone Else's Problems" - CO.AG Music (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EQp7YuV-leM)"Centeon Dreams" - CO.AG Music (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B_fyyuO5ZZE)"Forbidden Apostle" - CO.AG Music (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DB9ybYQoKu4)"The Anunnaki Return" - Jesse Gallagher (YouTube Audio Library)"Choose Your Next Move" - CO.AG Music (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abm56ceJi6Y) "Ocean Breath" - Enzo Orefice (StoryBlocks Media)"Echoes of the Unknown" - CO.AG Music (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ir8r9k0L0HA)CHAPTERS:00:00: Aliens of the Deep01:36: Leviathan Sea Serpents 06:04: Megalodon: The Megatooth Shark 09:32: Marine Reptiles13:07: Prehistoric Whales17:55: The Blue Whale: Largest Creature Ever21:07: The Bloop: Larger than a Blue Whale? 23:46: Invertebrate Deep Sea Giants 28:12: Siphonophores

Leviathans: Giant Creatures of the Deep Sea

On the dark, secluded underside of our planet, we find its most alien continent, Antarctica. A frozen desert larger than Europe, lying atop a sheet containing more than 90% of the world’s ice. But buried beneath this frosty surface, lie fossils and relics from an age where Antarctica was wildly different- covered not by ice, but by forests of trees. SOUNDTRACK:"Black Star" - Lustmord Song: https://lustmord.bandcamp.com/track/black-starArtist: https://lustmord.bandcamp.com“Frozen in Darkness, the Shadowed Halls Underscore” - CO.AG ‘Futuristic Alien Videogame Music” - StoryBlocks Media“Incredulity” by Scott Buckley (Creative Commons 4.0 International License):Song: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/library/incredulity/Artist: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/library/“Frozen City, Mysterious Fantasy Orchestra” - StoryBlocks Media“If you love me” - CO.AG Musichttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jq1FJ_S73tg“This Machine Managed to Trick Time” - CO.AG Musichttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AxQtQJ8wiyQ“Delay Time” - CO.AG Musichttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2JVunbxm1MI“Mysterious Darkness, Reveal Fear” - StoryBlocks MediaCHAPTERS: 00:00: The Seventh Continent 03:48: The Southern Ocean 05:55: The Great Ice Sheet 07:14: West Antarctica 09:21: East Antarctica 11:52: Gondwana: Antarctica’s Past 15:38: Ross Island 16:44: Race to the South Pole 19:34: Little America Bases21:37: McMurdo Station 23:53: Alien Environments in Antarctica 28:36: The Doomsday Glacier

Antarctica: The Alien Continent

Long ago, the Earth's seven continents were assembled in a giant, sprawling supercontinent known as Pangea. You may've heard of it, but what is often less talked about is what came before. Our planet's current continental chunks have been smashing together and separating for over four billion years, and there have been more than a few "supercontinents" during that time. It is those lost lands that take the stage in this video, as we wind the clock back to the age of the Supercontinents before Pangea.BACKGROUND MUSIC: (In order of appearance)- Meanwhile | Scott Buckley: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/library/meanwhile/- Ambient Cave | Storyblocks- Everyone Parts with Everything Eventually | CO.AG Music: https://youtu.be/obyY4n352to?si=eY6KSlBPlWEXcRH8- Dream a Silent Journey | Storyblocks- Ambient Strings and Solo Cello for Meditation | Storyblocks - Lost in Place | Storyblocks- Time Drift | CO.AG Music: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4tQiFbOhHBY&t- The Disappearance | CO.AG Music: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MLjXuckODT8- Lost at Sea | Storyblocks- Ascension | StoryblocksCO.AG Music's Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@co.agmusicScott Buckley’s track can be found on his website – released under CC-BY 4.0. www.scottbuckley.com.auCHAPTERS:00:00: The Supercontinent Cycle02:53: Plate Tectonics & Forming Land05:57: Cratons 08:35: Vaalbara 10:48: Ur 14:03: Kenorland 17:52: Arctica / Atlantica / Nena 20:46: Columbia (a.k.a. "Nuna")23:35: Rodinia29:05: Gondwana / Laurasia31:22: Pangea34:13: Pangea Proxima? 

Before Pangea: The Supercontinents

As rich and life-supporting as the Earth is today, it was once nothing more than a column of dust, dancing in a scorched cyclone of gas. And just how we as humans managed to emerge from this ancient dust makes up the topic of this video today. So join us, as we wind the cosmic clock backwards almost five billion years, from you and I in the present, all the way back to the birth of the solar System, back to when Earth was nothing more than a burning, barren wasteland. SOUNDTRACK:The music in this video was created by Scott Buckley and CO.AG Music, their respective tracks are listed below: Scott Buckley Creative Commons Music: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/library/- Undertow: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/library/undertow/- Moonlight: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/library/moonlight/- Machina: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/library/?s=machina- This Too Shall Pass: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/library/this-too-shall-pass/- Celestial: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/library/celestial/- She Moved Mountains: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/library/she-moved-mountains/CO.AG Music: https://www.youtube.com/@co.agmusic1823- Lufian Sky (CO.AG): https://youtu.be/LLmuc12sS7g- Dim Light Documentary Music (CO.AG): https://youtu.be/DKV7Lfda2NM- Lost Time Edit Mix (CO.AG): https://youtu.be/18R8o8J7GMU- Dream That Summer Dream (CO.AG): https://youtu.be/5jARlSfkVv4- Another Time, Another Space, Another Place (CO.AG): https://youtu.be/kABg8lGVo28CHAPTERS:00:00: Welcome 01:36: Formation of Earth05:41: Hydrothermal Vents07:57: The First Lifeforms10:24: Great Oxidation Event13:21: Eukaryotes 14:52: Multicellular Lifeforms19:06: Early Cambrian Creatures21:21: The Age of Fish24:54: The First Amphibians27:24: Pangaea: The Supercontinent30:40: The Great Die-Off33:38: The Rule of Dinosaurs36:16: The Asteroid Extinction39:10: First Humans 42:09: Closing Statements

Do we live in a cosmic void? It might sound like an odd question, but it’s something scientists have debated for decades. Does the Milky Way exist in a region of low cosmic density which is warping our view of the local universe as a result? The answer goes far deeper than you probably realise- and it’s just one of the many perplexing mysteries we’ll be diving into during this video, where voids and supervoids take centre stage. SOUNDTRACK: The music tracks in this video were composed by Enzo Orefice, a royalty-free music creator. In order of appearance they are:- “Psyconaut”- “Submerged In Silence”- “Borealis Glow”- “Timeless Flow”- “Void Waves”- “Stellar Winds”Artist: https://www.music-bay.net/artists/enzo-orefice/CHAPTERS:00:00: You Live in a Supervoid 05:55: The Local Void 09:22: Boötes Void12:06: The Dipole Repeller 15:54: The Mystery of the Cold Spot23:12: Evolving Dark Energy 28:51: Future Efforts to Study Voids 

You Live in a Supervoid

Lying at the cores of most large galaxies, do we find the “largest” type of object in the universe- a supermassive “engine” black hole. They almost always have masses many millions of times that of the sun, while the biggest grow to tens of billions. Exactly what was responsible for seeding these great engines, and building up their immense sizes, is a challenge only the James Webb Telescope can rise to. MUSIC:The majority of tracks in this video are royalty-free tracks from Storyblocks. Exceptions are listed.- The Second One | Enzo Orefice- Falling | Elfiz - Haunting Atmospheric Si-Fi Sounds… | Gerardo Garcia Jr- Meditation Vibes | Sleeping Ghost- Voice | Elfiz- Incarnation | Scott Buckley Scott Buckley’s track can be found on his website: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/2024/10/new-library-track-incantation/CHAPTERS: 00:00: The Most Massive Objects 01:48: The Cosmic Dawn05:33: Primordial Black Holes 07:02: Direct Collapse09:07: Distant Supermassive Black Holes13:35: Webb Telescope’s Findings 16:34: The Biggest Black Holes21:31: The Distant Future23:12: The End of the Universe25:13: Hawking Radiation28:22: Exploding Black Holes! 

Engine Black Holes: The Most Massive Objects in the Universe

Laced within the cold, desolate swathes of the space between stars, lie myriad orphaned planets not tethered to a particular system. They are lost worlds floating in the dark, and there are likely tens of billions in the Milky Way galaxy alone. Today, we will journey through the galaxy in search of these lost worlds in the darkness of interstellar space, and sometimes even, intergalactic space.SOUNDTRACK (In order of appearance): - Guided Meditation | Jon Presstone - A Creepy Atmospheric | Unknown, Storyblocks Media- Alkaidia Obscured Calls | Bzur - Curve | CO.AG Music (https://youtu.be/3uYCzfzmh68?si=3fRFV9NNxM7y6V3y)- Crystal Ray (Cinematic Ambient) | Park Randoux- Ethereal Light Waves | Jon Presstone - Transcendent Bliss | Jon Presstone - The Slow Passage of Time | Jon Presstone - A New Galaxy | Jayson Wayne BrownCO.AG Music's Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@co.agmusicCHAPTERS:00:00: In the Space Between Stars…02:00: Rogue Planets 07:19: Failed Stars09:26: James Webb Telescope’s JUMBO Discovery 13:31: Sedna 16:05: ETNOs19:07: Planet 9? 22:22: How was Planet 9 Lost? 25:30: The Ongoing Search for Planet 928:23: A New Candidate?

Lost Worlds in the Dark

The universe as we experience it is rendered by myriad physical processes and interactions, but they all can be boiled down to one of four fundamental forces of nature. Gravity is one of these fundamental interactions, while the visible light we observe makes up part of another. And by understanding all four, we can gage comprehensive insights into our reality, from its tiniest particles to its largest galaxies. SOUNDTRACK:- Lavender | CO.AG Music (https://youtu.be/9CI7_qZay8g?si=RmeHPTy7QCgMvz3W) - Dark Undertones | CO.AG Music (https://youtu.be/nk6UosTVZZ8?si=OmDZIatdv5k_oDqK) - Haunted Cave | Efliz (Storyblocks Media)- Lucid | Michael Vignola (Storyblocks Media)- Abandoned Town | Efliz (Storyblocks Media) - Awareness Fades First Movent | CO.AG Music (https://youtu.be/NIh86kMK91U?si=Oqv7RsxupKDtrFQo) - Deep Meditation | Giuseppe Rizzo (Storyblocks Media)- Dreaming Blue | Sextile (YouTube Audio Library) - Her Eyes Just Shine | Humans Win (Storyblocks) Check out CO.AG's Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@co.agmusicCHAPTERS:00:00: Four Fundamental Forces03:14: The Nature of Gravity07:06: The Grand Unified Force10:37: Electroweak Epoch 13:06: The Strong Force 16:38: The Weak Force 19:27: Neutrinos & the Lepton Epoch23:51: Let There Be Light28:28: The Radio Spectrum30:55: Optical Wavelengths 36:30: Ionizing Radiation40:33: The End

The Fundamental Forces of Nature

What is the Sound of Space? The idea that it is a silent vacuum, completely devoid of any noise, is somewhat a misconception. And though sound as humans hear it can't travel in space, there are several way in which we can extract the anthems of the cosmos. And in this video, we'll be doing just that, as we embark on a journey of Sound in Space. SOUNDTRACK: - Uranus Sounds: https://youtu.be/yXfJG1gs3b4?si=zbgOABUBuLOtufgO- The Neptune Sounds: https://youtu.be/rwnpXll_A_E?si=sxZqKfccykjGixWZ- Jupiter Sounds (So Strange): https://youtu.be/e3fqE01YYWs?si=hIYAcZF1U7mRMMpY- Saturn: https://youtu.be/eVfkW9oxhIk?si=1w8tIgRNir342LvF- "Carpe Diem" - CO.AG Music: https://youtu.be/iuMBV3j55-I?si=gGwaRE5Hsgxm40rU- "Scrooge Ice Mix" - CO.AG Music: https://youtu.be/C9jFL_6raL8?si=kKR-3t6i46kGJF7dCO.AG's Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@co.agmusic- "Does it Exist or Do I Have to Create It" - Chris Zabriskie (Creative Commons Licence 4.0)Link: https://chriszabriskie.bandcamp.com/track/does-it-exist-or-do-i-have-to-create-itArtist: https://www.chriszabriskie.com/CHAPTERS: 00:00: A Journey of Sound01:17: Sound in Science06:14: Whistler-Mode Waves08:51: Sound of the Sun 11:25: Sounds from Terrestrial Planets14:38: Sounds from Giant Worlds17:48: Voyager Sounds from Deep Space 19:36: Pulsars 21:54: Gravity Waves 25:06: Sonifications of Visual Data31:52: The True "Sound" of the Universe

The Sound of Space

Are we living in a multiverse? If so, where are all the other universes? Scientists and philosophers have pondered these questions for centuries, as they contemplated the possibility of parallel universes. The multiverse theory is not often discussed by cosmologists, due to its speculative and untestable nature. However, there are myriad different interpretations depicting how a multiverse might manifest, some of which we may be detectable within our own universe. So buckle up, because in this video we will be leaving the galaxy entirely, as we take on the biggest question of them all- the question of whether our universe is the only one. SOUNDTRACK (In Order):1. Cold Aegean Waters | Humans Win2. Meditative Bliss | Humans Win 3. Wholesome Waves | Humans Win4. Blue Aukai | Humans Win5. Zen Garden Whispers | Humans Win6. Mindfulness Focus Meditation Podcast | Music Media Group7. Calming Ombre | Humans Win8. Shadows and Dust (Scott Buckley)The track by Scott Buckley was provided via a Creative Commons Attribution licence, which allows reuse where credit is given. Scott Buckley's website and library can be found at the following link: https://www.scottbuckley.com.auCHAPTERS: 00:00: The Biggest Question of Them All 03:08: Infinite Cosmos (Level 1 Multiverse)06:53: Cosmic Inflation10:09: Post-Inflationary Bubbles (Level 2)12:46: Cyclical Multiverse (Level 2) 16:45: Fecund Multiverse (Level 2) 20:27: String Theory Landscape (Level 2) 24:15: Quantum Theory 26:52: Quantum Multiverse (Level 3) 29:17: Mathematical Multiverse (Level 4)31:24: Simulated Reality (Level 4) 

Do We Live in a Multiverse?

In the late 1960s, a series of anomalous, repeating radio sources began cropping up all over the Milky Way galaxy, and though initially speculated to be messages from aliens, we soon learned that they are Pulsars, a rapidly rotating neutron star emitting high volumes of radiation. In this video, we will revisit these extreme, dense objects, as the final gateway faced by matter before it collapses into a black hole. This is the insane science of neutron stars. SOUNDTRACK: - Jokulls Loom (Storyblocks)- Be Here Now (Storyblocks)- Serenity (Storyblocks)- Falling Through a Dream (Storyblocks)- Sleep for Wellness (Storyblocks)- Peaceful Background Pad (Storyblocks)- Halloween in a Haunted House (Storyblocks)- Underworld (Storyblocks)- Dramatic Ambient Cinematic Music (Storyblocks)- Monomyth, The Fall (Scott Buckley): https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/library/the-fall/- Ambient Water (Storyblocks)- The Natural Ambient (Storyblocks)The track by Scott Buckley was provided via a Creative Commons Attribution licence, which allows reuse where credit is given. Scott Buckley's website and library can be found at the following link: https://www.scottbuckley.com.auCHAPTERS: 00:00: The Crab Nebula01:55: How is a Neutron Star Formed? 07:24: Radio Pulsars11:18: X-Ray Binary Pulsars13:24: Millisecond Pulsars16:51: Magnetars 20:42: Starquakes 23:49: When Neutron Stars Collide 29:09: Quark Stars32:23: Strange Stars36:03: Thorne-Zytkow Objects

The Insane Science of Neutron Stars

How did Earth get its moon? Why is Mercury so close to the sun? Why does Uranus orbit on its side? The answers to all of these questions are the many collisions that ravaged the early Solar System. Each of our neighbouring worlds bears scars which echo their violent past, from the many craters of the moon's battered surface, to the sideways rings of the planet Uranus. And in this video, we will examine a number of the most significant collisions, which each played a pivotal role in building up the Solar System as we know it today. SOUNDTRACK: - The Ghost of Aberbeeg | CO.AG Music - Edge of Silence, Ambient Sounds 06 | CO.AG Music - Balefire | Scott Buckley Creative Commons Music - Short Song 011023 | Chris Zabriskie Creative Commons Music - Short Song 020823 | Chris Zabriskie Creative Commons Music- Speak to Me | CO.AG MusicCO.AG Music: https://www.youtube.com/@co.agmusic1823Scott Buckley Music: https://www.scottbuckley.com.auChris Zabriskie Music: https://chriszabriskie.bandcamp.comCHAPTERS:00:00: Introduction 01:37: The Terrestrial Planets03:33: Collision that Formed the Moon 06:07: Giant Impact Hypothesis09:42: What Happened to Mercury? 13:37: Late Heavy Bombardment16:45: What Rammed into Uranus?20:32: The Dwarf Planet 23:43: Pluto & Charon's Moons27:25: Sputnik Planitia32:58: Closing

Collisions of the Early Solar System

The Sun... both the giver of life, and destroyer of worlds. Host of the eight planets, and incubator of Earth with its light and heat. Yet in spite of its brilliance, the true nature of the sun's power remains shrouded in mystery, with scientists unable to explain many of the processes playing out in its atmosphere. But in 2024, NASA will attain their closest glimpse of the sun so far, as they come just five million miles from its surface, diving into the stellar Nether Zone, to "touch" the sun itself.BACKGROUND TRACK: "Christmas Ambience" by CO.AG MusicSong: https://youtu.be/e23_O1koRiA?si=5gebdLo6tpmIQpY3Artist: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcavSftXHgxLBWwLDm_bNvACHAPTERS:00:00: Welcome... 01:45: Anatomy of the Sun 05:03: The Coronal Mystery 08:21: Space Weather & the Solar Cycle11:59: Geomagnetic Storms15:31: The Carrington Event18:38: A Geomagnetic Storm in 2024?22:20: Missions to Study Space Weather 25:02: The Parker Solar Probe 30:28: Parker's 2024 Mission

A Glimpse of the Sun

It's been more than half a century since humans last went to the Moon. But we will return before the decade is up, through NASA's revolutionary Artemis Program. But unlike its ancestral Apollo Program, Project Artemis is about more than just landing astronauts on the lunar surface. Its endgame is to enable us to stay there, and keep going back to a semi-permanent surface habitat- all in preparation for NASA's yet more ambitious, daunting endeavour of the 2030s- to reach the Red Planet, Mars. SOUNDTRACK: "Finding Direction" - CO.AG Music(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xptr7cYeDBA)"Her Smile Feeding the Cold Earth" - CO.AG Music (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7gX08Ww6lY)"Are You in Here With Us?" - CO.AG Music (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=68e7Yqt0q_Q)"Floating Through Black" - Boomer (Storyblocks Media)"Echoes" - Enzo Orefice (Storyblocks Media)"Nightlife" - CO.AG Music (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9PE2XxNWj0M)"Enchanted Winds" - Humans Win (Storyblocks Media)"Still" - Humans Win (Storyblocks Media)"Meditation Yoga Ambient" - Watermello (Storyblocks Media)CO.AG's Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@co.agmusicCHAPTERS: 00:00: Artemis II 02:15: Road to the Moon Landing 07:09: The Apollo Program 13:31: The New Space Race18:00: The Artemis Program 21:32: Artemis III23:22: Artemis IV: The Next Moon Landing26:04: Moon to Mars

Back to the Moon with Artemis

Of all the spacecraft to have visited other worlds, there are two which have travelled further than any other, discovering more about the Solar System than their inventors ever could have imagined. They are the legendary pair of Voyager Probes- still the only spacecraft ever to have visited the Ice Giant planets, Uranus and Neptune. The story of their 40 years in space makes up the topic of our video today- from the gas giants, to the ice worlds, and then out into the depths of interstellar space...SOUNDTRACK: - Just a Shadow | CO.AG Music (https://youtu.be/pRDzXIV5yKg?si=Z4ooBaD1wZmV_Y7B) - Deep Sleep | Amber Waldron (Storyblocks)- Beyond This Earth to the Stars | CO.AG Music(https://youtu.be/aPQl1d96_Bk?si=sLbl_gG8oqhcwuW0)- Contemplative | Amber Waldron (Storyblocks)- Spa Go | Gushito (Storyblocks) - Descend Into Horror 5 | CO.AG Music(https://youtu.be/Ev49l2ZGFmg?si=Cj4CUoob2wRCjSaQ)- Guitar Drone Meditation | Humans Win (Storyblocks)- SpaceShip | Jayson Wayne Brown (Storyblocks)CO.AG's Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@co.agmusicCHAPTERS00:00: Welcome Back01:31: The Grand Tour 06:00: Voyager-1's Gas Giants Mission09:40: Voyager-1's Titan Flyby12:27: The Pale Blue Dot14:30 Voyager-2's Gas Giant Mission18:15: Voyager-2's Uranus Encounter 21:24: Voyager-2's Neptune Encounter25:00: Exiting the Heliosphere 29:19: The Interstellar Mission 34:04: One Final World... (Pluto)37:05: New Horizons Kuiper Belt Mission42:48: An Unconventional Signature...

Voyager: Beyond the Solar System (Probes Episode #3)

From studying the dusty surface of Mars, to plunging into the atmosphere of Venus, over the last 60 years, we've launched hundreds of probes into space on trajectories to visit each of the terrestrial planets. But for all the fascinating discoveries made on the way, humanity's journey towards the stars started out in a much darker place- a battlefront between the world's then two great competing superpowers. And in this first episode on my new series on probes, we will revisit this space race, and the major milestones on route to visiting each of the terrestrial planets.CHAPTERS:00:00: Introduction02:32: The Space Race 04:48: Pioneer Probes07:32: Mariner Probes09:55: Mariner 4 Mars Mission12:27: Mariner 6 & 714:27: Mars Orbiters17:05: Landing on Mars 18:57: Landing on Venus 21:30: The Viking Probes26:12: Mercury Missions33:00: Mars Rover Missions 38:16: To be Continued...

Race to the Terrestrial Planets (Probes Episode #1)

Earth is a success story, a thriving world that has hosted life for almost 4 billion years. But, no matter how peaceful things are now, a new age is coming for the Solar System. An age of change, destruction and evolution. A place for new worlds and new stories, but one in which the Earth has no place.MUSIC:- Dreamscape - Density & Time - The Unknown - CO.AG Music - https://youtu.be/IFYTGVE1aRs- Sunrise on Mars - Audionautix- As Prevent You Do - pATCHES - At the Foot of the Sphinx - Twin Musicom - It Maintains, Eyes Change - Puddle of Infinity - Growing Space - Astron - The Blue Pearl - Jesse Gallagher - Kallimachou - Dan Bodan Sunrise on Mars by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Artist: http://audionautix.com/CHAPTERS: 00:00: Welcome Back00:15: The Next Billion Years 06:10: Milkdromeda Collision08:03: The Red Giant Branch13:12: Habitable Moons16:27: Titan 21:00: Titan's Prospects for Life23:24: Horizontal and Asymptotic Giant Branch26:52: The White Dwarf Sun29:19: The Solar System's Last Day

The Final Age of the Solar System (Part 2)

The Solar System is vast and diverse, home to eight large planets, including one which gave rise to life. While humanity was born too late to witness the events that occurred at the birth of the Solar System first-hand, by peering into the surroundings of others stars, we are starting to piece together the events that unfolded at the birth of our own Solar System. Today, we shall explore the culmination of these decades of research, as we tell the story of the birth of the Solar System.MUSIC: - In the Throes - Asher Fulero- Song of Sadhana - Jesse Gallagher - Lord of the Dawn - Jesse Gallagher - Cylinder Three - Chris Zabriskie- Let Your Enemies Feel the Weight of Your Burdens - Chris Zabriskie - Lost Kingdom - CO.AG Music - Underwater Exploration - Godmode- The Sky is on Fire - CO.AG - I Am Running a Marathon - Chris Zabriskie- Somnolent - The TidesCO.AG's can be found on his YouTube channel:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcavSftXHgxLBWwLDm_bNvAAll songs by Chris Zabriskie are licensed under a Creative Commons 4.0 Attribution License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/CHAPTERS:00:00: Introduction 01:11: The Solar System 04:44: The Nebular Hypothesis 07:27: Star Formation 11:54: Planetary Formation Window 18:20: The Story of the Solar System 21:34: Rise of the Gas Giants 25:23: The Terrestrial Planets 30:46: Three Water Worlds

The Birth of the Solar System (Part 1)

On December 25th, 2021, NASA's most sophisticated, ground-breaking and expensive observatory ever blasted off from the Earth. The James Webb Telescope is an infrared observatory, capable of looking back all the way to the universe's first light. In this video, we will explore how this initiative came to be, and what the future holds in this exciting new age of astronomy. SOUNDTRACK:- Valhalla [Long Version] - CO.AG Music - Show Me the New Way - CO.AG Music - The Deep [Long Version] - CO.AG Music- I Am Blessed - CO.AG Music - Is This The Way It Ends - CO.AG Music- The Young & Old Know Love - Puddle of Infinity (YouTube Audio Library)CO.AG Music's Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcavSftXHgxLBWwLDm_bNvACHAPTERS:00:00: Lift-off! 01:39: Background03:55: Webb's Troubled Development08:17: Webb's Mirrors10:48: Surveying in Infrared 13:51: Webb's Sunshield & Orbit16:52: Deployment Phase 22:06: The Cosmic Dawn24:14: Light from the First Stars 28:02: Search for Habitable Exoplanets30:46: Other Uses for Webb

The James Webb Telescope (2022 Version)

Black holes are fascinating in so many ways- especially when you put two of them together. Their resonance and orbit physically ripples space itself, emitting waves that can travel through space for billions of years. Since 2016, we have been able to detect these gravitational wave events, and earlier this month, we detected a record-breaking one. SOUNDTRACK:- Wander - Emitt Fenn (YouTube Audio Library)- A Slow Dream - Emily A. Sprague (YouTube Audio Library)- Nexus Dawn - CO.AG: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oTrZx2KM6JA&t- Last Night I Dreamt I Saw True Love In Your Eyes - Chris Zabriskie: https://soundcloud.com/chriszabriskie/last-night-i-dreamt-i-saw-true- Passing a Foreign Moon - I Think I Can Help You (YouTube Audio Library)- Thin Places - Jesse Gallagher (YouTube Audio Library)- Running Out of Time - CO.AG: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P13lnycYaeI- Sound of the Earth EM White Noise: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QB2AK-odiocCO.AG's Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcavSftXHgxLBWwLDm_bNvAAll tracks by Chris Zabriskie licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/CHAPTERS:00:00: Introduction01:08: What is a Black Hole?04:07: Types of Black Hole05:26: Misconceptions About Black Holes08:46: Anatomy of Black Holes12:26: Inside the Black Hole14:09: Intermediate Mass Black Holes15:17: Black Hole Mergers17:09: Gravitational Wave Signals 19:12: The Pair Instability Gap23:03: The Big Crunch

When Black Holes Collide

The Solar System is home to eight principal planets, but this is far from the full picture. Hidden beyond the orbit of Neptune are dozens of small, icy worlds, known as Dwarf Planets, or Minor Planets! The best example is Pluto, but there are dozens more orbiting within the same band of material in the outer Solar System. Today, we will visit these frozen, far out worlds first hand.MUSIC:- Mist - Odonis Odonis- Lucid Haze - Amulets - Shallow Depths - jAde Wii - At the Foot of the Sphinx - Twin Musicom - Length of Light - Amulets - Crystaline - Amulets - Doll Dancing - Puddle of Infinity - I Am Running Down the Long Hallway - Chris Zabriskie- Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring - Kevin MacLeodAt the Foot of the Sphinx by Twin Musicom is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Artist: http://www.twinmusicom.org/I Am Running Down the Long Hallway of Viewmont Elementary by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/honor/Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100189Artist: http://incompetech.com/CHAPTERS:00:00: Introduction01:52: Minor Planets 05:34: Ceres 09:15: The Kuiper Belt 11:49: Pluto16:43: Why the IAU Demoted Pluto 17:46: Eris 20:17: Haumea 22:08: Makemake 24:24: Arrokoth

Dwarf Planets: Lesser Worlds

What lies at the edge of the Solar System? Far beyond the orbit of Neptune and the Kuiper Belt, deep into interstellar space, we find a vast, thick shell of icy space debris. We have never seen it directly, but we know it exists- because it is the source of the most distant comets that we see entering the Solar System. So why is it there? Today we'll find out.All background songs in this video were sourced from the royalty and attribution-free YouTube Audio Library. CHAPTERS:00:00: Introduction 02:01: The Oort Cloud 05:18: The Scale of the Cloud06:47: Formation of the Oort Cloud 09:33: The Source of All Comets13:17: The Hills Cloud14:40: Sedna16:12: The Outer Oort Cloud17:13: Siding Spring, Hale Bopp, Lovejoy19:20: Future Missions to the Oort Cloud 21:46: Extra-solar Oort Clouds

The Oort Cloud: The Solar System's Shell

Most large planets have moons. We have discovered almost 200 in our Solar System alone, and so we expect that the Milky Way is teeming with many more- perhaps even outnumbering planets and stars. With so many moons, it adds a plethora of additional holdouts in the galaxy capable of supporting life, and thus they are tantalising targets for scientists. However, extra-Solar moons are so insanely distant and dark against the backdrop of space, that them is a tremendous challenge. In this episode, we will cover its story so far.SOUNDTRACK:- Satya Yuga | Jesse Gallagher (YouTube Audio Library) - The Sleeping Prophet | Jesse Gallagher (YouTube Audio Library) - Where in Literally | pATCHES (YouTube Audio Library) - The Golden Present | Jesse Gallagher (YouTube Audio Library) CHAPTERS:00:00: Introduction 01:09: Exomoons04:26: How We Find Exomoons08:53: Kepler 1625 b-i 13:28: Other Exomoon Candidates 

Moons Beyond the Solar System

Europa is a fascinating moon, which is thought to be hiding a global ocean below its frozen surface. This makes it a hotspot for research and missions, with the ultimate goal being to identify an independent life source. In this video, we will go over this iconic satellite of Jupiter by the numbers, as we blow its perplexing mysteries wide open.All background music came from the Royalty-Free & Attribution-Free YouTube Audio LibraryCHAPTERS:00:00 Introduction00:58: Facts About Europa 04:22: Europa’s Ice Sheet06:52: Missions to Europa09:29: The Subsurface Ocean11:19: Tidal Heating 13:44: Europa's Prospects for Life 18:15: Future Missions to Europa

Europa: A Frozen Oasis

Not every star in the universe can be seen shining brightly in the night sky. There are dozens of types of fascinating hypothetical stars, which are characterised by their extreme behaviour. Today, we will be taking a look at a few of these corrupted stars, from the start of the universe right up until the end. MUSIC TRACKS: - Passing a Foreign Moon - I Think I Can Help You (YouTube Audio Library)- The Shadow Self - I Think I Can Help You (YouTube Audio Library)- The Bardo - I Think I Can Help You (YouTube Audio Library)- To Have To In Least Water - pATCHES (YouTube Audio Library)- Surviving the Asteroid Belt - I Think I Can Help You (YouTube Audio Library)- Wander - Emmit Fenn (YouTube Audio Library)- Because for Everything There Is Someone - pATCHES (YouTube Audio Library)- Adrift - ELPHNT (YouTube Audio Library)- Verve - Benjamin Martins (YouTube Audio Library)- Hollows - Houses of Heavens (YouTube Audio Library)- Meeting Again - Emily A Sprague (YouTube Audio Library)CHAPTERS:00:00: Introduction01:29: Population III Stars 04:50: Quasi Stars 07:42: Thorne-Zytkow Objects 10:37: Q-Stars and Exotic Matter 14:02: Quark Stars 15:51: Electroweak Stars 17:39: Strange Matter and Strange Stars20:13: White Dwarfs21:54: Frozen Stars 22:37: Black Dwarfs23:18: Iron Stars

Corrupted Stars: Hypothetical Stars that Defy Explanation

Not every galaxy is a fully formed spiral or elliptical galaxy. Some are much smaller, and orbit larger galaxies as well as each other, like ghosts. Today, we will examine these ghost galaxies- the satellites of the Milky Way and Andromeda. SOUNDTRACK:- The Sun is Scheduled to Come Out Tomorrow - Chris Zabriskie - Cylinder Four - Chris Zabriskie- I Can't Imagine Where I'd Be Without It - Chris Zabriskie - Cylinder Two - Chris Zabriskie All tracks by Chris Zabriskie licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/00:00: Antlia 2: A Ghost Galaxy02:16: Dwarf Galaxies 06:14: Types of Dwarf Galaxy08:00: Case Studies 09:14: Magellanic Clouds 12:35: The Triangulum Galaxy

Ghost Galaxies

Supervoids are the enormous, empty spaces between galaxy clusters and galaxy filaments. But just because they are empty, doesn't mean they can't be filled with fascinating science! They have taught us a great deal about both galaxy structures in the early universe, and how they grow in the present. And today we'll be venturing into a few of the biggest!MUSIC: - Long Walks [Emily A Sprague] - YouTube Audio Library - Fairy Meeting [Emily A Sprague] - YouTube Audio Library - A Slow Dream [Emily A Sprague] - YouTube Audio Library - Devoid [ELPHNT] - YouTube Audio Library- Rain Cloud Music [Emily A Sprague] - YouTube Audio Library CHAPTERS: 00:00: Emptiness in Space02:04: Defining a Void 03:52: Mapping Voids Around Us04:38: How Voids Form 07:05: The Bootes Void 09:16: Voids and Dark Energy 10:33: The Cold Spot 12:10: The KBC Void

The Mind-Blowing Scale of Voids & Supervoids

Quasars are the brightest phenomenon in the entire universe, able to outshine any type of star, and even entire galaxies containing hundreds of billions of them. They are the product of monster black holes at the centres of large galaxies, and so when we find multi-billion light year clusters of quasars dotted around the early universe, we are forced to reconsider some of our most fundamental assumptions of cosmology.BACKGROUND MUSIC:- Cylinder One - Chris Zabriskie - Descent - The Tower of Light (YT Audio Library)- Dreaming Blue - Sextile (YT Audio Library)- Turn - The Tower of Light (YT Audio Library)- There Are Many Different Kinds of Love - Chris Zabriskie- Retro Dreamscape - Twin Musicom (YT Audio Library)- Flecks of Light - The Tower of Light (YT Audio Library)- Clouded - Public Memory (YT Audio Library)- Trickling Up - Godmode (YT Audio Library)Songs by Chris Zabriskie are licensed under Creative Commons 4.0 Licence: - Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/- Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/cylinders/00:00: Introduction02:00: What is a Quasar?09:46: The Peak Quasar Epoch11:50: The Search for Quasars20:39: Large Quasar Groups22:15: Cosmic Structures & the Cosmological Principle24:35: The Largest LQGs27:34: Seeing Patterns In Noise

Large Quasar Groups

Stars come in a wide range of sizes, but how do we calculate a star's size to determine which is the largest? In this episode, we will find out how stars are measured to determine their mind-boggling sizes, and above all, which of them are the biggest of all.PLEASE NOTE: This one is an older video of mine, back in 2021 when it was thought that the largest known star was Stephenson 2-18. It has since been reassessed as most likely not a member of the Stephenson-2 Cluster, and thus not amongst the candidates for the largest star. I plan to remake this video some time in 2026.SOUNDTRACK: Two songs in this video were made by Chris Zabriskie. (http://chriszabriskie.com/)- Abandon Babylon (Album from which the songs came: https://chriszabriskie.bandcamp.com/album/abandon-babylon)Dark Fog & Ice Demon by Kevin MacLeod are both licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence.Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300031 , http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1200061Artist: http://incompetech.com/All other music provided by the YouTube Audio LibraryCHAPTERS:00:00: Introduction01:04: What Are Stars?05:40: How Stars Get Big09:38: Problems with Direct Measurements 11:31: Parallax 13:01: Indirectly Measuring Stars 15:33: VY Canis Majoris 18:30: UY Scuti 22:59: Stephenson 2-18

The Largest Star (2021 Version)

No matter where you are, you are always moving. The Earth orbits the sun, while the sun moves round the galaxy. But what makes the galaxy move? That is the topic of our video today. Everything in our local galaxy supercluster, Laniakea, is being dragged towards a high concentration of mass obscured by the opaque clouds of our galaxy, but what is it? It has all the ingredients for an epic cosmic mystery, the mystery of the Great Attractor.Background Songs by CO.AG Music: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcavSftXHgxLBWwLDm_bNvATranscending Ambient Chill Out Music: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aAp5ecwlU7MThe Deep: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e9TJrLeqnhwAll other tracks are from the YouTube Audio LibraryCHAPTERS:00:00: Introduction02:13: Galaxies 04:04: Our Local Universe06:56: The Laniakea Supercluster09:00: The Great Attractor 10:03: The Zone of Avoidance11:45: History of Great Attractor Observations13:56: Surveying the Great Attractor Region18:39: Dark Flow 20:27: The Dipole Repeller 22:16: CIZA Search 23:37: The Shapley Supercluster 26:03: The Vela Supercluster 27:30: A Mystery Solved? 

The Great Attractor

How large is the universe? Where does it begin and end? How does it expand? These are some of the biggest questions of astronomy- and while humanity is so small that we may never be able to fully understand the universe's true scale, advancements in technology are helping us to look ever-deeper into space, towards the edge of our observable universe known as the Cosmic Horizon. Today, we will get to know our universe, its laws, and its awe-inspiring scale above all.SOUNDTRACK:Special thanks to Lombus, who allowed me to use his song Doppler Shores in the title screen:https://lombus.bandcamp.com/track/doppler-shoresSongs by Chris Zabriskie are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )- The Theatrical Poster...: http://chriszabriskie.com/vendaface/- Unfoldment, Revealment... http://chriszabriskie.com/reappear/- Cylinder Five: http://chriszabriskie.com/cylinders/- Take Off and Shoot a Zero: http://chriszabriskie.com/stuntisland/ - Oxygen Garden: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/Other songs are from the YouTube Audio Library CHAPTERS:(00:00) Introduction(02:23) Defining the Universe (06:51) The Big Bang(09:12) The Observable Universe (10:53) The Hubble Telescope(11:46) The Hubble Deep Field(16:49) Cosmic Expansion(19:40) Redshift (21:48) The Cosmic Horizon and the Unobservable Universe(25:36) Accelerating Expansion(28:29) Dark Energy(30:14) The End of the Universe

The Cosmic Scale

What we perceive to be the edge of our universe is not the actual edge of the universe, with most scientists in agreement that more space lies hidden beyond what we're able to see. Last time out, we travelled to the very edge of our observable universe. But today, we will be going even farther, as we wade out into the darkness of the unobservable universe. Soundtrack by CO.AG Music: https://www.youtube.com/@co.agmusic1823- Taboo-Inspired Intro Track: https://youtu.be/YA3yfPh38mc- Strange Days Ahead: https://youtu.be/QaGsRzO-2EA- The Last Breath: https://youtu.be/AekcHz0ZdjU- The Monolith: https://youtu.be/XK_iQLGpId0- ESP Background Track: https://youtu.be/rT2ONCrdtVU- Encounter: https://youtu.be/vxdlSXZvxL0- Direct Space: https://youtu.be/G7-3crlxDDE- Do You Understand: https://youtu.be/BXmPuHqXUzc- Phonon: https://youtu.be/2Mgk6jem7Zg- Dark Enigma 13: https://youtu.be/mGFxASTdnhc- Book of the Dead: https://youtu.be/6X3RYrOy1RECHAPTERS:(00:00) Welcome Back (01:50) Beyond the Cosmic Horizon (05:42) The Shape of the Universe (07:45) Universal Curvature(12:35) Critically Dense Flat Universe(15:18) Drawing Triangles on the CMB (18:52) The Flatness Problem(22:19) Multiply Connected Universe (27:19) 4D Hyper Torus(29:17) Curved on a Large Scale? (31:50) Cosmic Inflation (37:09) Closing Statements 

Beyond the Observable Universe

Ever wonder what it would be like to fly all the way to the edge of space? Well in this video, we'll be doing just that. Using beautiful images snapped by the Hubble and James Webb telescopes, we will embark on a tour of our universe- venturing deep into the darkness, and uncovering the most jaw-dropping landmarks along the way. This is our journey to the edge of the universe.SOUNDTRACK [In order of appearance]:- MindHunter (CO.AG): https://youtu.be/72JbdVDg3q0- 11:11 at Smith - Ninth Street (Chris Zabriskie)- Catafalque (CO.AG): https://youtu.be/Bf_24aUbaQ4- Satanic (CO.AG): https://youtu.be/E_gQrAMVK8U- Dark Enigma 11 (CO.AG): https://youtu.be/VVbH2gU8TvA- It Will Make You Feel Better (Chris Zabriskie)- Dark Enigma 9 (CO.AG): https://youtu.be/rkZg2FCRcjg- I Refuse to Accept There's Nothing I Can Do About it (Chris Zabriskie): - Lower Third Hall (Chris Zabriskie)- Omen (CO.AG): https://youtu.be/C_ejkBhmmJETracks by CO.AG Music and Chris Zabriskie. Songs by Chris Zabriskie are licensed under a Creative Commons Re-use Licence. Check out his new album, which was featured in this video: https://chriszabriskie.bandcamp.comCheck out CO.AG's channel, where he uploads loads of cool ambient tracks: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcavSftXHgxLBWwLDm_bNvAFOOTAGE:The space scenes in this video were captured using SpaceEngine Pro, a virtual universe simulator:http://spaceengine.org/Images of space and scientific visualisations are public domain content, and can be downloaded from NASA's GSFC Visualisation Studio: https://www.nasa.gov/goddardOther visualisations and images of space provided by the European Southern Observatory [ESO]: https://www.eso.org/public/Graphic of the Virgo Supercluster by Ethylice4: https://www.deviantart.com/ethylice4Stock footage sequences provided by Vecteezy.com . Pro License Holder: https://www.vecteezy.com/members/sea-media-stockCHAPTERS:(00:00) Welcome(01:32) What is the Observable Universe?(05:15) The Local Volume(10:20) Laniakea Supercluster(14:24) Sloan Great Wall(16:30) Active Galactic Nuclei(19:53) Quasars(23:00) Quasar Groups in the Deep Universe(25:55) Hercules-Corona Borealis Great Wall (28:14) Cosmic High Noon (31:44) Re-ionization(33:35) Farthest Galaxies (36:35) The Dark Age (39:19) The Edge of the Universe 

Journey to the Edge of the Universe

In 1998, two teams of scientists measured the universe's rate of expansion, expecting to find it slowing down on route to a collapse. But instead, they found the opposite- the universe's expansion appears to be accelerating, having expanded more in the latter half of its life. In attempting to explain this mysterious behaviour, they revived one Einstein's long-since-forgotten ideas. Thank you to SpaceWave - Cosmic Relaxation for yet another amazing soundtrack! If you liked this video's music, check it out below: Dark Energy Soundtrack: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCj3460Ylt4JEcEiW6PxCH9QSpaceWave's Channel: https://youtu.be/XntDsSR38qUCHAPTERS:(00:00) Introduction(02:27) Accelerating Expansion(05:09) Einstein's Greatest Blunder (08:26) How Space Expands (12:11) Redshift & Standard Candles (17:03) Type 1a Supernova Searching (19:25) Λ-CDM(22:08) Baryonic Acoustic Oscillations (26:27) Future Missions to Study Dark Energy(28:46) Vacuum Fluctuations (32:29) Quintessence (34:43) Phantom Energy(37:17) The Big Rip

The Dark Energy Mystery

Dark Matter is a theoretical form of invisible mass, which has never been definitively detected. You've probably heard of it before, as it makes up a large part of the physics you find in textbooks. But how can something that's never been seen have so much scientific confidence behind it? Furthermore, if we can't see it, how do we know that it is really there? And if it's not, what are the alternative explanations? These are the questions we will be aiming to answer, as we delve into the Dark Matter mystery. The soundtrack was created by SpaceWave - Cosmic Relaxation.Listen to the full 2-hour Soundtrack: https://youtu.be/ZDjXSOkThzkI listen to his ambient music while I write and was keen to bring him on board. Thank you SpaceWave! Check out his Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCj3460Ylt4JEcEiW6PxCH9QCHAPTERS:(00:00) Introduction(01:53) What is Dark Matter? (05:00) Signs of Missing Mass (08:21) Lambda-Cold Dark Matter Model(11:21) The Early Universe(14:12) Dark Matter Structures(20:22) The Bullet Cluster(24:23) Weakly Interacting Massive Particles(26:20) Search for Dark Matter(31:00) Alternative Theories(32:57) Modified Gravity(35:31) Entropic Gravity (38:06) Dark Energy? 

The Dark Matter Mystery

Lately, there has been talk of a new largest black hole, named Phoenix A*, which is said to have a mass greater than 100 billion times the mass of the sun! This is much larger than the previous record holder, TON-618. But can we really rely on this prediction? And if not, then what is the largest black hole out there, and how do we know its true size? These are the questions we will answer in search of the universe's biggest black holes.Soundtrack: CO.AG Music: https://www.youtube.com/@co.agmusic1823- Old Radio Transmission: https://youtu.be/1O8to3C5rM4- Oprahme: https://youtu.be/2nliN0RbIyw- Long Relaxation Mix: https://youtu.be/8TRjdzXJ5-M- The Earth is Screaming: https://youtu.be/38P0cv_0z5M- Welcome to Somethink: https://youtu.be/R73ZWEDSiM4- What’s Left: https://youtu.be/Qlp7DmhU1KM- The Fallen Angel: https://youtu.be/U0YL-4yDKJM- Watch My World Burn: https://youtu.be/ejMf7HtsYWw- A Deep Digital Dream: https://youtu.be/Kou0UzcFd8Q- Advanced Technology Mix: https://youtu.be/dG7J2HZYqpM- A Slow End: https://youtu.be/FVbGDg-pjNECHAPTERS:00:00: Start 01:50: Stellar Black Holes 05:00: Intermediate & Supermassive Black Holes07:09: IC 1101*09:39: TON-61812:45: The Phoenix Cluster 15:34: Phoenix A 18:18: X-Ray Cavities & Eruptions20:28: Phoenix A* Black Hole22:26: Is Phoenix A* the Largest Black Hole?25:33: Other Ultramassive Black Hole Candidates

In Search of the Largest Black Holes

The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) is the oldest light in the universe that we can see or detect. It was emitted only 380,000 years after the universe was born, back when it was a much more chaotic place. This microwave-band static is fundamentally linked to the Big Bang, and if we map it precisely enough, we can discover a wealth of information about the age, composition and structure of the universe. MUSIC:- Deep Static: https://youtu.be/WB5jmdJvQeU- Cosmic Microwave Background Noise: https://youtu.be/YkE8d2vrWI0- I Knew My Way Downtown - Chris Zabriskie - Everyone Will Notice, No One Will Say Anything - Chris Zabriskie - You Fiddle, I'll Burn Rome - Chris Zabriskie - God be with You til we Meet Again - Chris Zabriskie - A Million Thoughts - CO.AG Music: https://youtu.be/nOSPuq64ORQ- A Person That They Will All Fear - CO.AG Music: https://youtu.be/NccLZFUIxlM- Haunted - CO.AG Music: https://youtu.be/T0WjL4phiuk- We Can Rebuild Your World - CO.AG Music: https://youtu.be/pe_mx7YiPwMAll songs by Chris Zabriskie are licensed under a Creative Commons 4.0 License (re-use allowed)I Made This While You Were Asleep (Album): https://chriszabriskie.bandcamp.com/album/i-made-this-while-you-were-asleepChris Zabriskie's Website: https://www.chriszabriskie.comCO.AG's Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcavSftXHgxLBWwLDm_bNvACHAPTERS:00:00: Static01:48: The Big Bang04:58: The CMB: The Final Photons08:16: History of Background Radiation Observations10:58: Missions to Map the CMB (COBE, WMAP, Planck)13:09: What Does the Map Show Us?15:17: Cosmic Inflation17:04: The Cold Spot21:15: Hawking Points26:17: The End?

The Oldest Map in the Universe

Saturn's most distinguished feature are its brilliant, shining rings, which have intrigued astronomers since the 17th century. But in the 1980s, Voyagers 1 & 2 revealed to us that each of the large planets in the Solar System is home to a ring system, but each varies wildly in its composition, arrangement, and substantiality. In this video, we will explore the complex and elegant natural phenomenon that is planetary ring systems.Music: - Drifting at 432Hz | Unicorn Heads- The Oceans Continue to Rise | Chris Zabriskie - Passing a Foreign Moon | I Think I Can Help You - The Five Books | I Think I Can Help You- I Want To Fall in Love on Snapchat | Chris Zabriskie- Nevada City | Huma Huma - Open Sea Morning | Puddle of InfinitySongs by Chris Zabriskie are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/All other songs were retrieved from the YouTube Audio LibraryCHAPTERS:00:00: Introduction 02:05: What is a Ring System?04:31: How do Ring Systems Form? 08:03: The Rings of Saturn 11:58: The Rings of Uranus 13:43 Shepherd Moons16:03 J1407b - Super Saturn Rings 

Planetary Ring Systems

What is the largest galaxy? For a long time, the largest was thought to be IC 110. But since 2022, there has been talk of a new, even larger galaxy, Alcyoneus, which is said to be more than 16 million light years in diameter! But is that what's really being proposed in the original paper detailing the discovery? Not exactly, because Alcyoneus is a Radio Galaxy. But what is a radio galaxy, and if Alcyoneus is not the largest galaxy, then how large really is it? SOUNDTRACK: All tracks by CO.AG Music: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcavSftXHgxLBWwLDm_bNvA- Sound of the Sun: https://youtu.be/4u6Gt7NXlDE- A World of Different Dimensions: https://youtu.be/g9vULHb_7mQ- Your Outer World: https://youtu.be/OnZjKSQS9b0- Travel Beyond Your Imagination: https://youtu.be/Z2XDR9N00Jo- Create the Future: https://youtu.be/z9HM9VTnFDQCHAPTERS:(00:00) What is the Largest Galaxy? (02:02) Galaxies (04:13) IC 1101(06:32) Radio Galaxies(12:31) Giant Radio Galaxies (14:40) Alcyoneus, Largest Radio Galaxy(18:39) Alcyoneus' Host Galaxy (22:57) The Largest Galaxy- Some Considerations(28:51) Closing Statements

The New Largest Galaxy

Supernovae are some of the brightest and most powerful explosions in the universe, bright enough to outshine entire galaxies. These cosmic catastrophes come in many varieties, characterised by their elements and light. Today, we will cover the various types of supernova as we take a deep dive into these tremendous explosions. SOUNDTRACK:- Woodstock | Joni Mitchell: https://youtu.be/cRjQCvfcXn0- Spenta Mainyu | Jesse Gallagher (YouTube Audio Library) - Access Astronomy Pt. 1 | CO.AG: https://youtu.be/6cBmmEH18ek- Away | Patrick Patrikios (YouTube Audio Library) - Orbiting Knowhere | Corbyn Kites (YouTube Audio Library) - Guardian of the Threshold | I Think I Can Help You (YouTube Audio Library) - What Am I | CO.AG Music: https://youtu.be/DlqnuShotd8- The End | Kyote Hearing (YouTube Audio Library) - Attraction | Density & Time (YouTube Audio Library) - The Four Masks | I Think I Can Help You (YouTube Audio Library) - Black Moon | CO.AG Music: https://youtu.be/uFatcfIA_oQ- Magnetic Lullaby | Amulets (YouTube Audio Library) - So Dark | CO.AG Music: https://youtu.be/FzMUeqp_Akg- No. 8 Reqium | Esther Abrami (YouTube Audio Library) CO.AG Music's Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcavSftXHgxLBWwLDm_bNvACHAPTERS:(00:00) Stardust (01:58) What is a Supernova?(04:41) Historic Supernovae Observations(06:58) SN-1987A(09:41) Classifying Supernovae(12:00) Core Collapse Supernova(18:40) Types of Core Collapse Supernovae(21:35) Type 1a Supernova(24:05) Standard Candles(26:23) Kilonova

Cosmic Catastrophes: Types of Supernova

One of astronomy's great, enduring mysteries is what really happens on the inside of a black hole. We know that anything which gets too close to a black hole is destroyed, but if you were able to jump right inside of one, then what would happen and where would you go? Today, we will explore a few of the many exotic and fascinating possibilities for what lies on the other side of a black hole. SOUNDTRACK:- The Anunnaki Return | Jesse Gallagher (YouTube Audio Library)- Access Astronomy pt. 3 | CO.AG Music- Access Astronomy pt. 5 | CO.AG Music- Just Implants | CO.AG Music- Where Have All the Cybertrackers Gone | Chris Zabriskie- The Ambient | Kevin MacLeod (YouTube Audio Library)- Cylinder Seven | Chris Zabriskie- The Golden Present | Jesse Gallagher (YouTube Audio Library)CO.AG's Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcavSftXHgxLBWwLDm_bNvAAll songs by Chris Zabriskie are licensed under a Creative Commons 3.0 License (reuse allowed). Chris Zabriskie's website: https://www.chriszabriskie.comCHAPTERS:(00:00) Introduction (01:55) Bending Spacetime (04:23) Inside a Black Hole (05:42) Wormholes & Einstein-Rosen Bridges(08:38) White Holes(11:54) Schwarzschild Metric & the Eternal Black Hole (13:29) Penrose Diagram (15:48) The Case Against White Holes (18:49) White Holes as New Universes(21:29) Black Hole Cosmology (24:49) Hawking Radiation & the Final Phase

The Other Side of a Black Hole

The Milky Way is surrounded by more than 50 near neighbour galaxies that make up the Local Group. The two largest galaxies are us and Andromeda, but we also have an often-overlooked third large galaxy in our neighbourhood- the Triangulum Galaxy. This galaxy is like its own mini-Milky Way, containing stars, clouds, clusters, supernova remnants, and satellites. These are the checkpoints in the Triangulum Galaxy which make up our tour today. SOUNDTRACK: All tracks made by CO.AG Music: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcavSftXHgxLBWwLDm_bNvA- A Dark Path: https://youtu.be/ORk0p0thnWU- Heart of This Ancient City: https://youtu.be/uUw8RqPVoDU- Was This the End or Just the Beginning: https://youtu.be/6A0UHOhRxZc- Build, Create, Beautify: https://youtu.be/-Aq8PUPlbxU- As the Sun Sets at the Temple: https://youtu.be/xBqirbnidbI- Northern Lights: https://youtu.be/CgzVDdNcGLo- Post Apocalyptic: https://youtu.be/4l_PxLFbdHQ- Dark Horror Long Version: https://youtu.be/r632JTHP0mM- Moonlight Over Rome: https://youtu.be/Oj3niiEu05ECHAPTERS:(00:00) Introduction(01:19) History of M-33(04:50) Observations of M-33(07:07) Morphology(09:45) Satellite Galaxies(11:43) H-II Regions(14:34) NGC-604(16:21) Resolving M-33's Stars(20:13) Supernovae & Black Holes(22:24) No Supermassive Black Hole?(25:40) Future of the Local Group

A Tour of the Triangulum Galaxy

The Andromeda Galaxy is our massive galactic neighbour, a spiral galaxy more than double the size of the Milky Way. In this video, we will be taking a journey, from this galaxy's ancient history, right up to its remote future- using the latest and most beautiful images to know our cosmic neighbour like never before. This is our journey to the Andromeda Galaxy...Soundtrack by CO.AG Music: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcavSftXHgxLBWwLDm_bNvA- Drifting Through Time: https://youtu.be/kVmCVk9NM3Q- Wonderful Things: https://youtu.be/5fBOHzGRTRI- Don't Fear Your Fears: https://youtu.be/8xme2NH5vEs- Space: https://youtu.be/TIP8_SD5VDI- Dreams: https://youtu.be/o3FJkyGRvk4- Space Empires: https://youtu.be/kAvGZxtBzpw- Thanks Everyone: https://youtu.be/00dPbEvyNMY- Crystal Dream: https://youtu.be/4BHkReLzbBs- 5500°C: https://youtu.be/Jr5-xFaiXp0- Forever: https://youtu.be/TblP1MS9Z5w- The Crystal Stream: https://youtu.be/yNxWUXK2pxoCHAPTERS:(00:00) Introduction (01:19) Historical Observations of Andromeda (05:25) The Great Debate (08:12) Modern Efforts to Study Andromeda(09:36) Road to Andromeda(14:00) Andromeda's Satellites(17:48) Inside the Andromeda Galaxy(21:07) Worlds Inside Andromeda (22:51) Black Holes in Andromeda(25:00) Andromeda's Blueshift(27:32) Collision with the Milky Way(31:07) Milkomeda

Journey to the Andromeda Galaxy

On the darkest of nights, free from the glow of the moon and the haze of light pollution, a stunning, striking formation can be seen imprinted upon the sky. That imprint is our galaxy- the Milky Way. Our galaxy is a giant, which extends for hundreds of thousands of light years. But by measuring the motions and velocities of the stars in our neighbourhood, both their past and future trajectories can be extrapolated- revealing the history of the Milky Way. SOUNDTRACK: Music by Scott Buckley: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/library/ - Aurora: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/library/aurora/ - Petrichor: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/library/petrichor/ - In Search of Solitude: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/library/in-search-of-solitude/ - Decoherence: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/library/decoherence/- The Things That Keep Us Here: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/library/the-things-that-keep-us-here/CHAPTERS:(00:00) Welcome(01:49) Our Home Galaxy (04:37) Mapping the Milky Way(07:20) Globular Clusters(09:14) Kraken(11:00) Gaia-Enceladus(13:30) NGC-2808(15:17) Omega Centauri (16:17) The Sequoia Galaxy (18:11) The Helmi Stream(20:32) Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy(23:55) Conclusion

History of the Milky Way

How old is the oldest planet? When did the first planets form in the universe? And what about life-supporting worlds? These are some of the most complex questions in extrasolar-planetary science. But by studying the ancient exoplanets in the Milky Way galaxy, we've managed to build up a comprehensive picture of when the genesis planets formed, and what they were like. Those findings make up the content of our video today. SOUNDTRACK (In order): - Atomic - CO.AG: https://youtu.be/deKPhd-yZfY- The UFO - CO.AG: https://youtu.be/MAC_XKNZk-w- Drifting at 432 Hz - Unicorn Heads (YouTube Audio Library)- The Kingdom of Shadows [1hr Soundscape] - CO.AG: https://youtu.be/Nv_UBIC69aM- Boundaries - CO.AG: https://youtu.be/2DDtR7G_VEo- Just For Jolly - CO.AG: https://youtu.be/4D5D3OAuUaU- Bodim Moor - CO.AG: https://youtu.be/PkX8fl-Huyw- Forever Space - CO.AG: https://youtu.be/5cKpbh1NrUM CO.AG is an ambient music creator who produces high-quality music for the YouTube community. Check out his channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcavSftXHgxLBWwLDm_bNvACHAPTERS:(00:00) Introduction (01:37) How Planets Form(08:58) Metallicity (12:52) The Search for Exoplanets(16:30) Methuselah- The Oldest Planet(22:26) Primordial Gas Giant Formation (26:05) Kepler-444- The Oldest Rocky Planets(29:06) The First Habitable Worlds(33:24) Starburst Metal Spreading

The Genesis Planets

For more than 30 years, the Hubble Telescope provided our most profound window into the cosmos. From imaging the beautiful interiors o nebulae, to revealing the secrets of the universe at large, we’ve seen glimpses of space our ancestors scarcely dreamed of. And in today’s episode, we will relive some of the telescope’s grandest achievements as we recount the greatest discoveries of the Hubble Telescope. SOUNDTRACK:[0-7 Mins] A New Life Time Mix - CO.AG Music[8-14 Mins] Borealis - Scott Buckley[15-18 Mins] Computations in a SnowStorm - Scott Buckley[19-25 Mins] Hymn to the Dawn - Scott Buckley[25-32 Mins] First & Last Light - Scott Buckley[33-38 Mins] Ephemera - Scott Buckley[39-43 Mins] Resolutions - Scott BuckleyScott Buckley's Music is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Licence. For more information, see the artist's website:https://www.scottbuckley.com.auLikewise, CO.AG's music is publicly usable with credit. Please check out his channel: https://www.youtube.com/@co.agmusic1823CHAPTERS:(00:00) Introduction (01:30) The Hubble Telescope (06:12) Measuring Galactic Distances(07:48) The Age of the Universe(09:24) Servicing Mission 1(11:42) Messier-87 (13:35) Supermassive Black Hole(16:08) Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9(19:53) The Hubble Deep Field(23:42) Dark Energy(27:41) Proto-planetary Disks (29:09) Transiting Exoplanets(32:42) Ultra Deep Field(34:46) Moons of Pluto (39:30) Frontier Fields(41:00) Cosmic Distance Record

SEA: Space Exploration &amp; Astronomy

SEA

SEA: Space Exploration & Astronomy