85: How to Make a Vaccine

Ever wondered what goes into a vaccine? How it’s tested? Why it takes up to 15 years to get one off the shelves and into the people that need it? We’re here with all the answers you could possible need, and some you definitely don’t... 

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References and Further Reading  https://www.britannica.com/science/antigen https://www.britannica.com/science/antibody https://www.britannica.com/science/T-cell https://www.britannica.com/science/B-cell
britannica.com/science/immune-system/The-nature-of-lymphocytes https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6102609/ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781455700905000185 https://www.niaid.nih.gov/news-events/mosquito-borne-disease-vaccine-safe https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevent/how-fluvaccine-made.htm https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/parents/why-vaccinate/vaccine-decision.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fvaccines%2Fparents%2Fvaccine-decision%2Findex.html https://www.immunology.org/celebrate-vaccines/public-engagement/guide-childhood-vaccinations/how-vaccines-work https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/basics/test-approve.html https://www.who.int/influenza/resources/publications/WHO_OHE_PED_GIP_2016_1_Annex_2.pdf?ua=1 http://vk.ovg.ox.ac.uk/vk/vaccine-development# https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/coronavirus-covid-19/research/coronavirus-vaccine-research/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6156540/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4944327/ https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/vaccine-development https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5792371/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6238075/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5906799/
cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/prinvac.pdf https://www.niaid.nih.gov/research/vaccine-types
who.int/vaccine_safety/initiative/tech_support/Part-2.pdf https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vaccinations/why-vaccination-is-safe-and-important/ https://www.who.int/health-topics/vaccines-and-immunization#tab=tab_1 https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/vaccines-and-immunization-what-is-vaccination http://vk.ovg.ox.ac.uk/vk/how-do-vaccines-work https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/the-immune-system#:~:text=The%20immune%20system%20protects%20your,which%20you%20are%20born%20with. https://www.niaid.nih.gov/news-events/mosquito-borne-disease-vaccine-safe https://www.pfizer.co.uk/behind-science-what-mrna-vaccine https://www.nature.com/articles/nrd.2017.243 https://www.historyofvaccines.org/index.php/content/articles/vaccine-development-testing-and-regulation https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/znf3c7h https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3164579/ https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/529892/how-are-vaccines-made
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